Ecology of Plasmodium malariae transmission in Cameroon

SUMMARY Recent setbacks in malaria control have led to a significant rise in global malaria incidence. While Plasmodium falciparum remains the predominant malaria parasite, non-falciparum species are increasingly recognized. Among them, Plasmodium malariae is the second most common malaria parasite in Africa; yet its epidemiology remains poorly understood and likely underestimated due to inadequate diagnostic tools. This parasite exhibits a highly patchy and seasonal distribution, and ecological factors appear to play a crucial role in its transmission. Studies in Cameroon have revealed a P. malariae prevalence ranging from 0 to 32%, mainly as mixed infections with P. falciparum. Our study in Bangolan, a lakeshore area in the Northwest Region, identified P. malariae in 100% of malaria cases, with 93.6% being mixed infections. Building on these findings, we aim to test the hypothesis that the patchy distribution and seasonal variations of P. malariae are driven by specific ecological factors. Specifically, we will (1) assess the spatial distribution and seasonal trends of P. malariae in Bangolan through molecular surveillance by conducting repeated, cross-sectional, community-based and hospital-based surveys; and (2) conduct comprehensive vector surveillance to investigate the ecology, species diversity, seasonal patterns, and competence of malaria vectors. By uncovering key transmission reservoirs and vectors, this research will provide essential insights into P. malariae epidemiology, paving the way for targeted control strategies against this neglected parasite. Project Number: 3R21AI196584-01S1 | Fiscal Year: 2026 | NIH Institute/Center: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) | Principal Investigator: LIWANG CUI | Institution: UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH FLORIDA, TAMPA, FL | Award Amount: $88,560 | Activity Code: R21 | Study Section: Etiology, Diagnostic, Intervention and Treatment of Infectious Diseases Study Section[EDIT] View on NIH RePORTER: https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/3R21AI19658401S1